Apparatus for electrifying and shearing of pile fabrics



p 1969 H. HERGERT 3,465,397

APPARATUS FOR ELECTRIFYING AND SHEARING OF FILE FABRICS Filed Oct. 31, 1966 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 IN VEN TOR.

HE/NZ HERGERT "mt/um;

p 9, 1969 H. HERGERT 3,465,397

APPARATUS FOR ELECTRIFYING AND SHEARING OF FILE FABRICS Filed Oct. 31. 1966 2 Sheets-Sheet P.

I N VEN TOR.

l/E/NZ HERGERT Wm: 78mm;

United States Patent F ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The disclosed apparatus includes a rotating electrifier cylinder, means for conveying a pile fabric past the cylinder in a vertical direction, and a vacuum hood surrounding the cylinder which is effective to facilitate cooling of the pile as it emerges from the cylinder While separating and venting the heated air adjacent the point of departure of the fabric. The fabric is subsequently fed to a shearing device.

Cross-reference to related applications This application is a divisional application based upon application Ser. No. 590,807, filed Oct. 31, 1966 and now US. Patent No. 3,413,695 issued Dec. 3, 1968.

Background of the invention The general classification pile fabrics covers an extremely large variety of materials. These materials range from fine velours to heavy carpeting, and include such diverse products as napped liners, suedes, flock prints, velvets, and double-sided blankets. The basic cloth from which the pile fabric is produced may be knitted, tufted, or woven. Almost all pile fabric processing, irrespective of the particular material or final product, is concerned with developing a pile having a desirable appearance. When this objective is achieved, the pile is of uniform length, the individual fibers are untangled, and the lay of the fibers is consistent.

Pile fabrics are as ancient as fur bearing animals, because natural fur may well be considered the first pile fabric. The technique for treating and conditioning synthetic pile fabrics have drawn heavily upon the earlier skills of fur processors. Thus, to untangle pile fabrics and to establish a uniform lay, the fabric is repeatedly combed and ironed. To obtain uniform pile height, the fabric is stretched taut, and evenly sheared. Of course, modern automatic equipment is used and combing and ironing are now carried out simultaneously on heated electrifiers which also make effective use of static electricity to make the individual fibers stand erect. But, the effects of static electricity were also well known for many years. Shearing has also been automated and large revolving shears now produce many yards of evenly cut pile every minute.

The prime need for innovation in the modern pile pro cessing field lies in the improvement of automated processing to reduce the labor required, to improve the quality of the finished product, and to reduce the total cost of the equipment needed. It is the basic object of this invention to provide a process and the equipment for approaching these goals.

The variety of basic materials and the diversity of the fabrics produced, makes it diflicult to develop a processing system that can be used for all purposes. Nevertheless, producers must have flexibility and they need equipment that can be adapted to produce the fabrics that are most in demand at any given time.

Patented Sept. 9, 1969 As already suggested, a number of individual processing steps are required to produce a finished fabric. Basically, these steps include a sequence comprising brushing or napping, electrification, and shearing. Thus, the pile is untangled, rendered erect, and sheared. The latter steps may be repeated a number of times before the desired finish is obtained.

Prior automated equipment has been designed in an attempt to attain the greatest versatility possible. With this in mind, large electrifiers have been developed which can be adjusted to operate at varying feed rates and with various attachments to handle a wide variety of pile fabrics. Similarly, shears have been designed which can be used for cutting a variety of materials to within a given range of heights. Since the basic material may be either tufted, knitted, or woven, it may be extremely stretchable or it may be upon a non-stretchable backing. The fibers may be long and in a tangled mass, or they may be short and in a densely matted mass. The individual fibers may be strong rigid elements or they may be weak and pliable. In spite of prior attempts to design versatile equipment, however, the stringent requirements of this type of processinghave heretofore made it impossible to use a unified machine that could simultaneously electrify a fabric and shear it seconds later while the pile was still erect under the influence of the electrification. The need to individually match electrifier and shear equipment to the diverse characteristics of the variety of materials made such a machine too specialized for economical use. The optimum processing or feed rate of the material through electrifiers and shears was another factor that operated to dictate the use of separate units for performing each function.

With respect to the shearing aspect of pile finishing, it should be noted that the operation of shearing involves the careful cutting of the individual fibers to a predetermined height. To be effective, the shear must cut each fiber to establish exactly the same height across the entire surface of the fabric. The accomplishment of this simple sounding operation is extremely ditficult and has heretofore necessitated the use of relatively massive shearing equipment. It will be immediately apparent that the use of a shear for clipping or cutting fibers to produce a fine velour requires operation of the shear upon a very delicate fabric. In order to obtain the desired luster and sheen on such a material, the uniformity of a pile height is extremely critical. When the material being handled is of appreciable width, the shear must be accurately aligned across its entire length.

The conventional shearing equipment used today is built upon a massive rigid base and consists of a rapidly rotating cutting revolver spinning in closed proximity to a stationary ledger blade. The fabric is controllably advanced past the rotating revolver and the stationay blade and the tips of the fibers are sheared off. Ancillary equipment associated with the shear is used for carefully advancing the fabric at a predetermined rate, and folding it after it is sheared. On velours and the like, care must be taken to uncurl the fabric as it approaches the shear.

During shearing, there are times when it is desired to permit the fabric feed to continue while the cutting operation is momentarily suspended. For example, this is sometimes necessary for seam jumping. Prior known shears provided for the movement of the revolver and ledger blade away from the cloth rest during these intervals. In order to make this possible, the revolver and ledger blade combinations were necessarily mounted on movable supports. Each time they were moved, there was danger of disturbing the micrometer adjustments of the ledger blade that controlled its relationship to the rapidly rotating shear revolver.

Summary of the invention The present invention relates to the production of natural and synthetic pile fabrics. More particularly, it relates to processing apparatus which produces an improved finish on pile fabrics of a wide variety of types.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the electrifier and shearing functions are combined on a single machine wherein the amount of fabric in the middle of processing (i.e., between the electrification and shearing step) can be held to a minimum in the neighborhood of two yards. Another advantage lies in tremendous reductions in required floor space, in required labor, and in required capital investment. Of course, to provide equipment of the nature contemplated by this invention, a large number of factors must be taken into consideration. Obviously, the functioning of the individual portions of the combined electrifier-shear must be carefully synchronized. In addition, both the electrification and the shearing portions of the machine must be of superior quality to permit rapid operation with minimum down-time for inspection and adjustments. Whereas the prior use of separate electrifiers and shears permitted inspections to be made between the separately functioning units of equipment, this cannot be done with a combined electrifier-shear. Accordingly, means must be provided for convenient and rapid inspection, easy adjustment, and close control over the processing.

It is an object of this invention to provide equipment for pile fabric processing whereby the fabric is subjected to shearing substantially immediately following electrification.

Another object of the invention is to provide improved equipment for complete pile fabric processing which can be easily adjusted for handling a complete range of material and pile height.

Another object of the invention is to provide a combined electrifier-shear with improved electrifying and shearing components, and means for continuously monitoring the fabric condition between the electrifying and shearing operations.

Several important features of the invention described hereinafter relate to the electrification portion of the equipment. In the past, electrification has been performed by large heated rolls or drums that rotated about a horizontal axis and acted upon the fabric as it was horizontally fed past. Large exhaust hoods were employed to carry away any loose matter in the pile. The present invention quite radically departs from the previously practices. It has been found that by processing the material during upward vertical movement past a heated electrifying cylinder, the lay of the pile is improved because the normal pull of gravity assists in counteracting the inherent forward lay of the pile. Still further, it is known that synthetic fibers are more responsive to electrification when heated because they tend to be in a more plastic state under this condition. A feature of this invention resides in immediately cooling the fabric as it leaves the electrifying cylinder. This results in effectively setting the pile in an erect condition.

Accordingly, a further object of the invention is to im prove electrification of pile fabrics by use of vertical processing equipment which facilitates cooling after the fabric leaves an electrifying cylinder.

The present invention also includes a novel structure that effectively permits rigid mounting of the ledger blade to a massive support block fixed within the machine frame. This rigid mounting of the blade makes it possible to provide carefully calibrated support across the entire length of the ledger blade, insuring continuous accurate alignment between ledger blade and shear revolver and also facilitating periodic grinding and honing of the blade. In addition, a movable ledger table is employed. The table is used to deliver the material to the shear and blade, and it is designed for micrometer positioning to '4 control the pile height. When it is desired to suspend cutting during continuous feed, the table is simply backedoff from the cutting area.

Thus, another object of the invention relates to the use of a rigidly mounted ledger blade and a movable ledger table.

The combined features of the invention are embodied in an electrifier-shear wherein pile fabric is vertically processed by a heated electrifier, subjected to immediate cooling after electrification, directly passed over a movable ledger table, and presented to a rigidy mounted ledger blade in proximity to a rotating shear.

A more complete understanding of the invention, along with other objectives and features thereof, may be obtained from the following description made in conjunction with the .accompanying drawings.

Brief description of the drawings FIGURE 1 is a pictorial illustration of a combined electrifier shear in the general form contemplated by this invention;

FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of the essential elements of a combined electrifier-shear as they might be viewed in a plane vertically intersecting the illusration in FIGURE 1 from front to back;

FIGURE 3 is a detailed schematic view showing the mechanism for supporting and transporting the ledger table 12; and

FIGURE 4 is a detailed schematic showing the ledger blade and shear with respective mountings and adjustment means.

Description of the preferred embodiments FIGURE 1 illustrates a combined electrifier-shear in accordance with the invention, which is capable of finishing pile fabrics in a single operation. Because of the complete processing performed by this combined electrifier-shear, floor space requirements are reduced by more than half and similar reductions can be made in labor and capital-investments.

As viewed in FIGURE 1, the material to be processed is fed into the machine from the front. Electrification takes place underneath the hood 11 and the fabric is fed over ledger table 12 and then down past the high speed shearing drum that is covered by shield 13. After shearing, the material may be directly led over a folding apparatus 14. As clearly illustrated in FIGURE 1, a venting hood 15 is positioned over the electrifier hood 11 and provides an air channel for the cooling air that is directly applied to the fabric immediately upon electrification. The vent hood 15 is interconnected by means not shown, to a still larger vent 16 which is positioned over the shear. This latter vent serves to provide a suction that removes the clipped ends of the fiber from the shearing revolver.

The entire operation of the machine is controlled by the automatic control panel 17 which contains the necessary electrical control apparatus for the complete and versatile performance of all operations. In order to present the fabric to the machine, it is initially introduced at 18 and fed down over idler shaft 19, underneath operator platform 20 and up past feed roller 21. A more complete understanding of both the process of the invention and the specific feed path of the fabric may be obtained by consideration of FIGURE 2.

In FIGURE 2, it will be seen that the fabric 25 is introduced into the equipment from the left and leaves it on the right. It will also be noted that the condition of the individual fibers has been schematically indicated in order to assist in appreciating the functioning of the various elements of the apparatus. Thus, before the fabric has been electrified, the individual fibers are of unequal length, exhibit a predominantly forward lay, and also are somewhat tangled. This is illustrated on the left of the figure near numeral 26. As the fabric is presented to the electrifier cylinder 37, the individual fibers are combed and rendered erect by the electrostatic action of the cylinder. As a result of air flow within the electrifier hood 11 and through vent 15, the fabric leaves the electrifier with all fibers in a substantially erect position. At this time, although erect, the individual fibers are of uneven length. The fabric is then passed over ledger table 12 and presented to ledger blade 42 and revolver 43. It is at this point that the pile is clipped to an equal length and thereafter, at numeral 28, it will be seen that the fabric is in a finished state. It remains simply to prepare the fabric for its next destination. Although a folding apparatus 14 was shown in connection with FIGURE 1, it will be appreciated that there will be occasions when other processing may be desired. It should also be appreciated that in some instances it may be desired to re-entrantly return the fabric to the beginning of the equipment and once again subject it to the processing steps therein.

Before considering the individual features which characterize this invention, the specific transporation of the pile fabric through the machine will be described. Fabric 25 enters on the left and passes over the carrier unit 18 comprising shafts 29 and 30. The carrier is pivoted about an axis 31 and serves to permit the flat presentation of the fabric, under variable tension. Adjustable guide discs (not shown), provide initial tracking of the fabric feed.

It is desirable to provide means for an operator to stand directly in front of the fabric in order to inspect it as it leaves the electrifier and approaches the shear. For this purpose a work platform 20 is provided. The fabric is passed beneath an idler shaft 19 and along to a drive shaft 21. It is held in contact with drive shaft 21 by idler shaft 32 and spring loaded expander roll 33. The fabric then is brought into contact with the electrifier cylinder 37. An apron 36 mounted upon rollers 34 and 35 is adjustable in position by pivoting around shaft 35, in order to control the wrap of the fabric about the electrifier cylinder 37. This apron is essentially a continuous felt belt stretching across the entire width of the cylinder. After leaving the electrifier cylinder, the material passes over an additional break-roller 40 onto the surface of ledger table 12.

Ledger table 12 is adjustable within an accuracy of ten thousandths of an inch, inorder to control the pile height. The material is fed past the rounded edge 41 of the table and isthereby gradually presented to the shearing action of ledger blade 42 in combination with the rapidly rotating shearing revolver 43. From the ledger blade, the material proceeds past driving cylinder 47 and is held in engagement therewith by means of rolls 46 and 48. Upon leaving roll 48, the material descends to the bottom of the equipment where it is transported by an apron 51 to the rear. From this point on, conventional equipment may be used to either fold, roll, or further process the material.

Particular attention may now be directed toward a number of specific features of the invention.

Electrifier cylinder 37 extends across the entire length of the equipment and may range in diameter from seven inches upward. The cylinder is dynamically and statically balanced and is driven to operate within a speed range of, forexample, 700 to 1400 revolutions per minute. The surface of the cylinder is grooved with a plurality of helixes wound in opposite directions. Any suitable means may be used to heat the cylinder, but it is preferred to use calrod heaters cast directly into the body of the cylinder. This heating technique insures air-tight sealing against corrosion and oxidation and assures uninterrupted service. Appropriate thermocouples and temperature controls can be included in order to maintain surface variation in temperature ranging from ambient to 400 F.

It will be understood that as the pile fabric is brought into contact with the electrifier cylinder under the pressure of apron 36, the cylinder surface provides a beating oscillation, and heats the material while the frictional contact developes a static charge on the individual fibers of the material. This functioning is well known and fully understood in the processing art. It is also well appreciated that the heaated surface of the cylinder is effective to render synthetic fabrics more plastic and thereby assist in making them more responsive to the erecting influence of the static charge.

A new feature of the electrifying unit used in this invention is the fact that the material is presented to the electrifying cylinder as it moves vertically upward. All known prior electrifiers were designed to move the pile material in a horizontal plane past the electrifying cylinders. By re-orienting the cylinder and feed mechanism, the equipment of this invention makes it possible to counteract the normal effects of gravity and to reduce the naturally occurring forward lay of pile materials. In the past, the gravitational pull upon the individual fibers tended to emphasize or supplement the inherent forward lay of the pile. In accordance with this invention, the pull of gravity tends to counteract the normal forward lay of the pile and a more erect pile is the result.

It has also been found that the permanency and durability of pile fabrics can be improved by immediately cooling the pile when it leaves the heated surface of the electrifying cylinder. By immediate cooling, the increased plasticity of the fibers that took place while they were proximate to the surface of the electrifying cylinder 37, is removed substantially instantaneously While the pile is still under the influence of the erecting static charge applied by the cylinder. This rapid cooling sets each fiber.

Electrifier hood 11 and ventilating portion 15 are specally designed to concentrate a uniformly distributed cooling stream of air on the fiber as it emerges from the surface of the electrifier. As will be seen in FIGURE 1, the ventilating hood 15 is of increasing volumetric size as it approaches the intake end on the right of the picture. With an understanding of the principles involved, it will be immediately apparent that cool air is drawn into contact with the pile while separating and venting the heated air adjacent the area of fabric departure and that a variety of specific arrangements may be formulated in order to effect the necessary cooling air stream. It is important to appreciate that the air flow required to produce the necessary cooling must be greater than that previously employed in conjunction with standard electrifiers. It was quite common in the prior art to provide rather massive ventilating hoods as part of electrification equipment. These hoods were disposed above the electrifying cylinders and the air flow was not directed to appear at the exit point of the fabric from the cylinder. Indeed, the basic design of prior known electrifiers would not lend itself conveniently to the production of the necessary cooling streams of air for accomplishing the setting features of the present invention.

Immediately after electrification, while the fabric is still highly electrified, it is passed across the nose 41 of ledger table 12 and subjected to the shearing action.

The particular manner in which the ledger table or cloth conveyance table 12 is mounted, can be seen most clearly from FIGURE 3. This figure is a pictorial representation of the major table positioning elements on one side of the equipment.

The rear portion of table 12 is supported on a movable plate member 64 by means of interconnecting elements 61, 62, and 63. Element 61 projects from the side of the table 12 and is fastened by a threaded member 63 to the post 62. Post 62 is attached to plate member 64. Plate 64 is slidably engaged within a channeled block 65 which in turn is fastened securely to the bed 66 of the machine. The front portion of table 12 is supported at each end by a roller 60 positioned to ride within guide channel 68.

Accurate positioning of table 12 with respect to the shear revolver 43 is controlled by a micrometer located at each end of the table. These micrometers comprise a calibrated block 69, secured to the bed of the machine, and a threaded micrometer element coupled to the table itself. Thus, there is shown in FIGURE 3 a support 70 bearing pointer arm 71. The position of the support with respect to the calibrated block 69 is determined by adjustment of threaded micrometer member 73. The table is advanced or retracted by counterclockwise or clockwise rotation of knob 72, respectively. A locking member 74 is provided in order to insure stability of adjustment once it is made. As seen in the figure, the end of threaded portion 73 makes butting contact with the calibrated block 69.

The table is maintained in the most forward position permitted by the micrometer adjustments, under the tension of a spring 76 which is mounted between the rear edge of the table and a mounting structure 77 which is connected to the bed of the machine. In order to effect seam jumping or temporary removal of the table from the shear revolver, a lever 79 is provided. At the base 80 of this lever, there is connected a gear which engages a rack on plate 64 (not shown). In order to bring the table toward the rear of the equipment, lever 79 is rotated counterclockwise and the cooperating rack and pinion coupling with plate 64 causes it to slide backwards within the channel of member 65. This in turn retracts table 12 from shear revolver 43. When the lever is once again pushed forward, the tension of spring 76 is effective to once more accurately align the table with respect to the shear revolver.

Still another important feature of the invention relates to the manner in which the ledger blade 42 is mounted. FIGURE 4 pictorially illustrates the mounting on one end of the machine. As shown in the figure, the cutting blade 82 is in a shearing position slightly below the horizontal axis of shear revolver 43.

The cutting blade 82 is mounted within a heavy cast iron ledger block 84 by means of a plurality of fastening screws or bolts 83. Blade 82 is a high quality cutting steel carefully ground and honed to conform with the shear revolver. By mounting to the ledger block 84, one insures both rigidity and accuracy of positioning.

Ledger block 84 is held at both ends within a guide and support chamber 88 in order to permit both horizontal and vertical adjustments. Cast into the block 84 is a portion 85 having horizontal faces 86 and 97. The function of these faces is to provide bearing surfaces to adjust the vertical positioning of the block. In order to modify the vertical position, a threaded shaft 92 is provided which is rigidly secured within the upper face 86 of the positioning section 85. Threaded member 92 projects through a clearance hole in pressure plate 90 and is supported by collars 94 and 95 on the upper and lower faces of this plate respectively. A positioning nut 93 is threadedly engaged with threaded member 92 and upon rotation, effects either the lifting or lowering of the entire ledger block 84.

The lowermost position of ledger block 84 is determined by the position of threaded member 97 which is threadedly engaged with the lower pressure plate 91. The bottom face 87 of ledger block 84 rests directly upon the upper end of threaded member 97 which may be suitably designed to provide an adequate bearing surface. The weight of ledger block 84 is borne directly by member 97. A lock nut 98 is provided to allow variation in positions and insure rigidity of position. The head of member 97 is illustrated in FIGURE 4 as including several holes for the insertion of rods or the like to facilitate rotation thereof.

The uppermost position of the ledger block 84 is determined by the guide pin 96. This pin projects through pressure plate 90 and may also be threaded to permit changes in position. The end of guide pin 96 is brought into contact with the upper face 86 of the ledger block portion 85 when the blade has been raised to the highest permissible amount.

When it is desired to grind and rehone the blade, the entire ledger block is removed from the cutting position and elevated into a regrinding position by means of vertical lifting bolts. The regrinding position places the blade 82 vertically adjacent to the horizontal shaft center line of shear revolver 43. A mixture of oil and grinding powder may be used to grind the arc of the ledger blade with the shear revolver running in reverse direction.

Horizontal movement of the ledger blade 42 is effected by sliding upon guide rail 102 which is an integral part of the base of the equipment. The basic positioning block 89 has a projecting portion 101 adapted to rest upon track 102 and fit beneath channel 68 which controls the forward positioning of the ledger table 12 as discussed above. A horizontally disposed shaft 103 is secured at 104 in the positioning block 89. At the outer end, this shaft is threaded and journaled in the vertical face of the machine frame 66. As illustrated, a collar 105 is provided and a positioning nut 106. A similar arrangement is provided at the rear of the machine. Thus, in order to move the ledger blade 42 toward the front of the machine, shaft 103 is drawn toward the front of the machine and its cooperating shaft at the rear is pushed forward. This provides rigid positioning and accurate control over the horizontal position.

The pile processing methods and the specified illustrative equipment described hereinbefore, make possible greatly reduced operational costs. It has been found that equipment embodying the teachings of this invention, effectively and efficiently produces pile fabrics of superior quality. The equipment is not restricted to specialized forms of fabric; rather, it exhibits a versatility heretofore unavailable. Still further, the features including vertical electrification, ledger blade mounting, and shearing table mounting, make possible both separately and in combination a highly improved processing system. It will be appreciated that modifications of this equipment may be made by those skilled in the art.

What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. Apparatus for processing pile fabrics comprising a heated rotating electrifier cylinder, means for conveying a pile fabric past the cylinder in a substantially vertical upward direction, a vacuum hood surrounding said cylinder and comprising a portion providing an air channel adjacent to said fabric as it exists from the cylinder to draw cool air into contact with the fabric, the configuration of said portion substantially preventing contamination of the cool air with the warm air circulating as a result of rotation of said cylinder.

2. Apparatus for processing pile fabrics as defined in claim 1 including means for controllably wrapping said fabric about the surface of said electrifier cylinder while insuring that the fabric always emerges from the electrifier in a substantially vertical direction.

3. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein said wrapping means comprises a pair of cylinders rotatably mounted on axes parallel to the axis of said electrifier cylinder and disposed on the back side of said fabric, an endless web disposed about said pair of cylinders, the lower one of said cylinders being pivotally mounted to controllably effect a wrapping of the fabric about the said electrifier cylinder, the upper cylinder of said pair being fixed in position to insure a fixed exit path for the fabric from said electrifier cylinder in a substantially vertical direction.

4. Apparatus for processing pile fabrics comprising a heated electrifier cylinder, conveying means for bringing a pile fabric past the-electrifier cylinder in a substantially vertical direction, said conveying means having a fixed exit structure that insures the fabric leaves the cylinder in said substantially vertical direction, a vacuum hood surrounding said cylinder and comprising a portion providing an air channel adjacent to the fabric as it exits from contact with said cylinder to draw cool air into the fabric in the area of said exiting while exhausting the warm air surrounding said cylinder, the configuration of said portion substantially preventing contamination of the cool air with the warm air, and means for conveying the fabric directly from said electrifier cylinder, to a shear without permitting contact with the pile surface.

5. Apparatus for processing pile fabrics as defined in claim 4 wherein said electrifier cylinder and the means for conveying said fabric to the shear are driven in synchronism.

6. Apparatus for processing pile fabrics, as defined in claim 4, wherein the means for conveying the fabri directly from said electrifier cylinder to the shear includes a horizontally disposed table, said table being mounted for horizontal movement, and means for adjusting the position of said table relative to the shear by means of micrometer settings.

7. Apparatus for processing pile fabrics according to claim 6, wherein said shear comprises a rotating shear cylinder, a ledger blade securely fastened to the base of the equipment, and means for horizontally and vertically adjusting the position of said ledger blade.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 721,903 3/1903 Marble 2615 815,938 3/ 1906 Bradley 2615 2,983,023 5/1961 Hart. 3,099,871 8/ 1963 Dourdeville 26--17 3,114,957 12/1963 Schaab et a1.

FOREIGN PATENTS 1,129,180 9/1956 France. 1,392,220 2/ 1965 France.

OTHER REFERENCES Finisher Upgrades Woolens, by James H. Kennedy, Jr., reprinted from Textile Industries.

Electrifying Emerges as Major Finishing Process for Pile Fabrics, reprinted from Americas Textile Reporter.

Turbo Shearer for Shearing of High Pile Fabrics, Brochure of Turbo Machine Co.

ROBERT R. MACKEY, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 

